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FinObservatory

Crisis atlas

226 years of financial crises

4,798 distinct crisis events across 165 countries, 1800–2025: the union of five primary chronologies, deduplicated to one event per country, year, and type, with each source preserved.

1,383
Banking crises
1,366
Currency crises
2,049
Sovereign debt crises
165
Countries
1800–2025
Coverage

Data as of 2025 (union of five crisis chronologies)

What the data looks like before a banking crisis

An event study of the run-up to systemic banking crises: median paths of credit, the current account, house prices, GDP, and the BIS credit-to-GDP gap over the eleven years around the onset.

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Crises per decade

Distinct (country, year, type) events per decade. The 1990s lead with 830 events. The 2020s are partial: source coverage ends between 2016 and 2021 depending on the chronology.

BankingCurrencySovereign debt
02505007501000180018201840186018801900192019401960198020002020

Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 | Laeven & Valencia (2020) | Reinhart-Rogoff via HBS BFFS | ECB/ESRB Financial Crises Database Methodology

Worst decades

Top 10 decades by crisis events, all types.

  1. 11990s830
  2. 21980s686
  3. 32000s340
  4. 41930s332
  5. 52010s304
  6. 61940s282
  7. 71920s204
  8. 81970s189
  9. 91950s158
  10. 101830s153

Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 | Laeven & Valencia (2020) | Reinhart-Rogoff via HBS BFFS | ECB/ESRB Financial Crises Database Methodology

All events

Every distinct event, most recent first. “Sources agreeing” counts the chronologies flagging that country-year-type; start-year sources (GMD, JST) do not mark continuation years, so multi-year episodes show lower agreement after their first year.

4,798 of 4,798 events
YearCountryTypeSources agreeingSources
2025Sri Lanka LKABanking1laeven_valencia
2025Vietnam VNMBanking1laeven_valencia
2024Sri Lanka LKABanking1laeven_valencia
2024Vietnam VNMBanking1laeven_valencia
2023Lebanon LBNBanking1laeven_valencia
2023Sri Lanka LKABanking1laeven_valencia
2023Vietnam VNMBanking1laeven_valencia
2022Lebanon LBNBanking1laeven_valencia
2022Vietnam VNMBanking1laeven_valencia
2021Austria AUTBanking1esrb
2021Belgium BELBanking1esrb
2021Bulgaria BGRBanking1esrb
2021Croatia HRVBanking1esrb
2021Cyprus CYPBanking1esrb
2021Czech Republic CZEBanking1esrb
2021Denmark DNKBanking1esrb
2021Estonia ESTBanking1esrb
2021Finland FINBanking1esrb
2021France FRABanking1esrb
2021Germany DEUBanking1esrb
2021Greece GRCBanking1esrb
2021Hungary HUNBanking1esrb
2021Ireland IRLBanking1esrb
2021Italy ITABanking1esrb
2021Latvia LVABanking1esrb
2021Lebanon LBNBanking1laeven_valencia
2021Lithuania LTUBanking1esrb
2021Luxembourg LUXBanking1esrb
2021Netherlands NLDBanking1esrb
2021Norway NORBanking1esrb
2021Poland POLBanking1esrb
2021Portugal PRTBanking1esrb
2021Romania ROUBanking1esrb
2021Slovakia SVKBanking1esrb
2021Slovenia SVNBanking1esrb
2021Spain ESPBanking1esrb
2021Sweden SWEBanking1esrb
2020Angola AGOBanking1laeven_valencia
2020Austria AUTBanking1esrb
2020Belgium BELBanking1esrb
2020Bulgaria BGRBanking1esrb
2020Croatia HRVBanking1esrb
2020Cyprus CYPBanking1esrb
2020Czech Republic CZEBanking1esrb
2020Denmark DNKBanking1esrb
2020Estonia ESTBanking1esrb
2020Finland FINBanking1esrb
2020France FRABanking1esrb
2020Germany DEUBanking1esrb
2020Greece GRCBanking1esrb
2020Hungary HUNBanking1esrb
2020Ireland IRLBanking1esrb
2020Italy ITABanking1esrb
2020Latvia LVABanking1esrb
2020Lebanon LBNBanking1laeven_valencia
2020Lithuania LTUBanking1esrb
2020Luxembourg LUXBanking1esrb
2020Netherlands NLDBanking1esrb
2020Nicaragua NICBanking1laeven_valencia
2020Norway NORBanking1esrb
2020Poland POLBanking1esrb
2020Portugal PRTBanking1esrb
2020Republic of the Congo COGBanking1laeven_valencia
2020Romania ROUBanking1esrb
2020Sao Tome and Principe STPBanking1laeven_valencia
2020Slovakia SVKBanking1esrb
2020Slovenia SVNBanking1esrb
2020Spain ESPBanking1esrb
2020Sweden SWEBanking1esrb
2019Angola AGOBanking1laeven_valencia
2019Azerbaijan AZEBanking1laeven_valencia
2019Chad TCDBanking1laeven_valencia
2019Equatorial Guinea GNQBanking1laeven_valencia
2019Ghana GHABanking1laeven_valencia
2019Lebanon LBNBanking1laeven_valencia
2019Nicaragua NICBanking1laeven_valencia
2019Republic of the Congo COGBanking1laeven_valencia
2019Sao Tome and Principe STPBanking1laeven_valencia
2018Angola AGOBanking1laeven_valencia
2018Azerbaijan AZEBanking1laeven_valencia
2018Chad TCDBanking1laeven_valencia
2018Equatorial Guinea GNQBanking1laeven_valencia
2018Ghana GHABanking1laeven_valencia
2018Greece GRCBanking1esrb
2018Kazakhstan KAZBanking1laeven_valencia
2018Moldova MDABanking1laeven_valencia
2018Nicaragua NICBanking1laeven_valencia
2018Republic of the Congo COGBanking1laeven_valencia
2018Sao Tome and Principe STPBanking1laeven_valencia
2018Tajikistan TJKBanking1laeven_valencia
2018Ukraine UKRBanking1laeven_valencia
2017Angola AGOBanking1laeven_valencia
2017Azerbaijan AZEBanking1laeven_valencia
2017Belize BLZSovereign debt2gmd, laeven_valencia
2017Chad TCDBanking1laeven_valencia
2017Equatorial Guinea GNQBanking1laeven_valencia
2017Ghana GHABanking1laeven_valencia
2017Greece GRCBanking1esrb
2017Kazakhstan KAZBanking1laeven_valencia
2017Moldova MDABanking1laeven_valencia

Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 | Laeven & Valencia (2020) | Reinhart-Rogoff via HBS BFFS | ECB/ESRB Financial Crises Database Methodology